甜马郁兰的生理活性、芳疗功效和料理应用

甜马郁兰(Sweet Marjoram,Origanum majorana)

  唇形科(Lamiaceae)奥勒冈属(Origanum)

  学名:Origanum majorana

  中文名:甜马郁兰、墨角兰

【生理活性】

  根据分析#2,甜马郁兰精油主要成分有4-松油醇26.0%(terpinen-4-ol)、顺式香桧烯13.3%(cis-sabinene)、对异丙基甲苯9.3%(o-cymene)、γ-萜品烯5.8%(γ-terpinene)、反式香桧烯5.7%(trans-sabinene)、α-松油醇5.1%(p-menth-1-en-8-ol)、β-侧柏烯4.9%(β-thujene)和其他成分。

民俗疗法

  甜马郁兰据说有止咳化痰和强胃的功效,可使用甜马郁兰精油热敷缓解腹泻及化痰。古书记载甜马郁兰有杀菌、抗痉挛、除胀气、促亢奋、化痰和改善神经衰弱等功效。它还能治疗气喘、咳嗽、消化不良、风湿、牙痛和心脏病#3。根据Mabey著作#4,甜马郁兰成分含quinine和收敛性苦味化合物能帮助病人刺激食欲。甜马郁兰的叶子和种子能作为收敛剂,且可治疗绞痛#5。

  偏头痛可能是受限的血液供输所造成,在颈背热敷甜马郁兰精油或许能改善,它有血液扩张功效#6。

抗氧化

  干燥的百里香、奥勒冈和甜马郁兰叶片经酒精萃取所得的萃取物,实验显示能抑制油脂酸败且有抗氧化力,其中以甜马郁兰抗氧化力最高,百里香保护油脂效果最好#7。

抗菌

  根据研究,甜马郁兰精油可抑制多种微生物,抑制菌种以需钠弧菌(Beneckea natriegens)、软腐病菌(Erwinia carotovora)和莫拉菌属(Moraxella sp.)效果最佳,真菌以黑霉菌(Aspergillus niger)最能有效抑制#8。一项研究探讨8种精油对9种酵母菌的抑菌力,这8种精油分别是罗勒(Ocimum basilicum L.)、洋葱(Allium cepa L.)、大蒜(Allium sativum L.)、柠檬(Citrus limon L.Burm.f.)、葡萄柚(Citrus paradisi Macfad.)、甜马郁兰(Origanum majorana L.)、薄荷(Mentha x piperita L.)和百里香(Thymus vulgaris L.),结果发现百里香、甜马郁兰、薄荷和罗勒都能有效抑制酵母菌,以百里香效果最佳,洋葱和大蒜精油效果最差,且对大部分酵母菌都无效#9。

助消化

  甜马郁兰的萃取物在大鼠胃部可刺激细胞分泌胃酸和胃蛋白酵素(分解蛋白质)增加,帮助消化#10。

抗癌

  酒精萃取物可能有抗癌潜力,人类白血病细胞实验发现,萃取物可显著抑制癌细胞增加,而且有明显相关性,同时展现很好的抗氧化力#11。根据人类大肠癌细胞实验,甜马郁兰的酒水萃取物能杀死大肠癌细胞并抑制增生#12。甜马郁兰的酒精萃取物也能抑制乳癌细胞的生长,在鸡胚胎实验显示有抑制和预防癌细胞转移的功效#13。

镇静、助眠、抗焦虑

  在大鼠腹部注射甜马郁兰萃取物,实验发现施以200毫克/公斤体重的剂量时,大鼠明显比对照组更快躺平、更长睡眠时间以及更不易焦虑#14。

抗糖化、抗糖尿病

  患有糖尿病的大鼠,经口服甜马郁兰叶甲醇萃取物后显示,能抑制体内最终糖化产物(advanced glycation end-products,AGEs)形成,累积的AGEs能引发多种疾病,包含糖尿病#15。

降血脂、护肝

  持续6周喂食甜马郁兰和姜的公鼠实验,结果发现甜马郁兰和姜都能有效降低胆固醇、三酸甘油酯,且坏胆固醇(low density lipoprotein)下降、好胆固醇(high-density lipoprotein)上升,肝功能也明显改善#16。

减少化疗药毒性和副作用

  连续30天口服甜马郁兰叶水萃取物或埃及甜马郁兰叶粉的化疗大鼠实验显示,2种香草都能有效减少大部分副作用和化疗药伴随的基因毒性,且效果呈现剂量关系,表示甜马郁兰叶的香草茶可能对吃化疗药的病人有调节免疫系统和降低毒性的功效#17。

【芳疗功效】

  83位有高血压或前期状态的受试者,吸闻含有薰衣草(Lavandula officinalis)、依兰依兰(Cananga odorata)、甜马郁兰和苦橙(Citrus aurantium)精油[20:15:10:2]的精油链持续24小时,结果发现可有效降低血压,减轻压力,达到明显放松的功效,表现比人工香精的控制组还要优异#18。

  多囊性卵巢综合症(Polycystic ovary syndrome)患者每日2次持续一个月饮用甜马郁兰茶的临床研究,结果发现胰岛素分泌效率提高且雄性激素下降,可有效改善患者的荷尔蒙失衡,帮助重新平衡#19。

  使用含有甜马郁兰精油的按摩油每日按摩异位性皮肤炎儿童持续8周,结果显示可有效改善症状,不过没加精油也能改善,所以效果实际上是来自于按摩,精油帮助甚微#20。

【料理应用】

  甜马郁兰是奥勒冈属植物最甜和温和的料理香草,它的叶子、花和嫩茎可以加进炖菜、糖浆、沙拉酱、淋酱、抹酱、海鲜、欧姆蛋、披萨、沙拉、香肠和作为填料放进烤鸡内调味。能提升蘑菇、红萝卜、花椰菜、菠菜、栉瓜、青豆和芦笋风味,叶子可制成香草茶#21。

  和其它香草或调味料搭配也很合适,例如奥勒冈、大蒜、巴西里、百里香、月桂叶、黑胡椒、虾夷葱、辣根和肉豆蔻。甜马郁兰有自然甜味,所以也会使用在甜点、蛋糕、派、冰淇淋和其它烘焙食品,和苹果、甜瓜和热带水果搭配也很合适#21。

  2.5%和5%的百里香或甜马郁兰精油使用在鱼排保存的实验表示,百里香和甜马郁兰都能有效减少油脂酸败和细菌的增生,比起未加精油的控制组,5%的甜马郁兰精油能帮原本6天的储存期延长到12-16天,且这配方是所有组别在风味上最讨喜的#22。200 mg/kg浓度的甜马郁兰或迷迭香精油加在牛肉排中,实验结果描述2种精油都能有效抑制油脂氧化并增添风味,提高消费者对组合肉的接受度#23。

  2005年英国营养期刊有一篇有趣研究#24,作者检测多种蔬菜、香草和调味料的总多酚量、黄酮类和抗氧化力,并比较新鲜、炊蒸和水煮的营养变化,结果显示炊蒸约可保留80%的营养和抗氧化力,而水煮只剩30%。另外,200公克的生菜沙拉组合,若是把组合1(76g莴苣+124番茄)换成组合2(75g莴苣+122番茄+3g香蜂草)和组合3(75g莴苣+122番茄+3g甜马郁兰),则抗氧化力可增加2倍和4倍。而在另一实验,加入洋葱能使抗氧化力增加20%,但红萝卜会减少30%,作者认为可能是抗氧化的检测方法无法完全反映红萝卜抗氧化力,红萝卜强在稳定不安定的氧分子,实验检测的主要是针对过氧化自由基。

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  作者:cofactor412

  • 发表于 2022-09-28 15:51:57
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