茴香(Fennel，Foeniculum vulgare)

　　伞形科(Umbelliferae／Apiaceae)茴香属(Foeniculum)

　　学名：Foeniculum vulgare

　　中文名：茴香、甜茴香、苦茴香

　　变种(或亚种?)的茴香籽有不同味道，F.vulgare var.dulce是甜茴香，亚种piperitum是苦茴香，F.vulgare var.vulgare在文献纪载中有甜也有苦#1,3。

【生理活性】

　　精油主要萃取于种子，甜茴香籽精油主成分有反式茴香脑(trans-anethole，81.63%-87.85%)#4、葑酮(fe nchone)、草嵩脑(estragole)和α-水芹烯(α-phellandrene)。精油的雌激素特性源于反式茴香脑，或是相关聚合物双茴香脑(dianethole)和光茴香脑(photoanethole)#3。茴香的主成分之一，草嵩脑，分子结构和可能致癌物甲基丁香酚(methyl eugenol)相似，多项体外和动物实验证明有致癌性，欧盟因此原因将草嵩脑添加于非酒精饮料的浓度限制在10 mg/kg#5。除了以上成分，茴香还包含多种酚酸、黄酮类和二苯乙烯类(stilbene)等酚类物质，在生理活性的表现上，这些成分预期都能有程度不等的贡献。

民俗疗法

　　茴香具有解胀气特性，复方甘草(liquorice)粉常会另外添加茴香，以缓和甘草助泻产生可能的副作用。茴香水混合小苏打和糖浆能治疗婴幼儿不明的哭或肠胃问题，国外已有类似产品贩售。茴香也应用在催乳上，这可能和它的雌激素特性有关。茴香籽茶也能治疗胀气，印度人相信生吃茴香籽对视力有帮助。茴香籽萃取物在动物实验显示，有治疗青光眼、高血压和作为利尿剂的潜在功效。#3

抗氧化

　　茴香精油的抗氧化力表现类似维他命E和2,6-二丁基羟基甲苯(butylated hydroxytoluene(BHT))等常见抗氧化物#6。实验证明，茴香籽丁醇和水萃取物能减少油脂的过氧化并消灭自由基，不过整体抗氧化力比槲皮素(黄酮类物质)弱，约仅10%#7。一篇来自埃及的研究表示，当地3种变种有机茴香籽的精油成分明显有差异，经检测其中2种所表现出的抗氧化力和2,6-二丁基羟基甲苯相似，大幅优于另1种#8。

抗菌

　　茴香精油能抑制大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、李斯特菌、巨杆菌(Bacillus megaterium)和多重抗药性鲍氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter baumannii)#3,9-11。茴香的酒精和水萃取物可抑制曲状杆菌(Campylobacter jejuni)和幽门螺旋杆菌(Helicobacter pylori)#12。

　　精油或是萃取物也可抗真菌，包括白色念珠菌#13-14、核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)#15、黑霉菌(Aspergillum niger)、黄麴霉菌(Aspergillum flavus)、禾谷镰孢菌(Fusarium graminearum)和串珠镰孢菌(Fusarium moniliforme)#16。

抗血栓

　　茴香精油有抗凝血、使血块崩解(destabilize)的能力。豚鼠血液试验证明，精油能抑制因化学物质、酵素和胶原蛋白诱发的血液凝集。在大鼠动脉观察到茴香精油和茴香脑有减缓血管舒张功效。小鼠每日口服茴香精油或茴香脑(30 mg/kg)持续5天，可保护小鼠因静脉注射胶原蛋白-肾上腺素引起的血栓性瘫痪，保护效果分别达70%和83%。#17

抗发炎

　　诱发发炎前1小时先给予小鼠或大鼠口服200 mg/kg的茴香籽甲醇萃取物，经发炎后3小时，可减少发炎反应60-75%。血液中麸胺酸苯醋酸转氨基酶(aspartate aminotransferase，AST)的活性升高和细胞损伤发炎有正相关性，作者注射甲醛到大鼠体内诱发关节炎，实验显示持续7日口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的大鼠，它们的麸胺酸苯醋酸转氨基酶活性和对照组相比，显著较低。#18

抗过敏、止痛

　　在化学药物引起的延迟性第IV型过敏反应研究#18，持续7日口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的小鼠能有效抑制耳部肿胀发生，抑制率可到94%。经口服200 mg/kg茴香籽甲醇萃取物的小鼠在疼痛耐受性试验中，耐受时间能从19.5秒延长至34.3秒。

缓解经痛

　　30位年龄在15-24岁有经痛困扰的年轻女性，每人经历3轮实验，第一轮无给药，第二轮口服止痛药甲芬那酸(mefenamic acid)(250 mg，每6小时1次)，第三轮口服2%茴香籽萃取物(25滴，每4小时1次)，结果参与女性自评认为口服甲芬那酸和茴香期间，都明显比无给药时更能减少经痛，其中甲芬那酸在月经第2和3天表现明显优于茴香，其它天则无显著差异#19。

护肝

　　茴香籽精油在大鼠实验显示有护肝功效#20，每周3次持续7周腹腔注射0.3 ml/kg精油的大鼠除了显著减少血液中与肝指数相关的酵素活性，从病理切片也观察到茴香籽精油能阻止发展成慢性肝炎。

降血糖、抗糖尿病

　　口服30 mg/kg bw茴香精油的糖尿病大鼠，经21天实验后，可有效降低血糖从162.5±3.19 mg/dl到81.97±1.97 mg/dl，且能提升抗氧化酵素活性，反转原本因氧化压力造成的肾和胰脏损伤，恢复健康#21。

减少婴幼儿不明哭泣

　　每日4次饭前给予婴幼儿茴香油，每日剂量不超过12 mg/kg，结果在125位2-12周岁婴儿参与的试验显示，实验组有65%能有效改善症状，对照组仅23.7%#22-23。

抗压

　　短期压力导致肾上腺素增加，肾上腺素经代谢会产生香草扁桃酸(vanillylmandelic acid)代谢物。长期压力则会分泌可体松(cortisol)，补充维他命C能抑制可体松达到减压效果#24。根据研究，施予压力前就口服不同剂量茴香籽水萃取物的大鼠，相较于对照组，在施压后24小时其尿液中香草扁桃酸浓度较低、维他命C浓度更高，显著表现抗压反应，且口服剂量越高，抗压效果越明显#25。

可能风险

　　大鼠实验显示，草嵩脑浓度和产生突变性代谢物的机率成正比#26。虽然多项体外和动物实验指出#27-31草嵩脑具有致癌性，然而致癌性可能因组织、性别和物种而有差异，就近期研究结果，没有直接证据证明草嵩脑会导致人类罹癌#3，不过欧盟依然顾虑其毒性而管制在食品的添加量#32。

　　虽然没有任何研究探讨，但着有Clinical Aromatherapy的作者Jane Buckle会建议癫痫患者避开迷迭香、茴香、牛膝草松樟酮(Hyssopus officinalis CT pinocamphone)和胡椒薄荷精油。怀孕和癌症患者也不适合使用茴香精油，因雌激素会促进有些肿瘤的生长。#22

【芳疗功效】

　　嗅闻茴香和姜混合精油能改善晕船(车)的不适感，减少恶心、呕吐。每日3次涂擦3%茴香精油在手腕处(视情况可增加次数)持续2周，实验发现能降低食欲，有助减重，实验组最终平均减3.51磅，对照组平均2.81磅。#22

【料理应用】

　　甜茴香籽带有甜味，味道似八角(Illicium verum)或大茴香(Pimpinella anisum)，时常用在鱼肉、肉类、冰淇淋、酒精饮料、香草茶、烘焙或综合香料#33。茴香的茎脆口，它的块根可炖、焖、炒或烤料理，也可以生吃。地中海料理喜欢使用球茎和嫩叶，可生吃或烹调应用在沙拉、附餐、意大利面或蔬食料理。印度次大陆和中东地区有添加茴香籽调味的料理文化，茴香也是印度少数民族的重要香料。#3

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　　作者：cofactor412